What Causes Optical Illusions

  1. Illusions occur when the brain’s predictions outpace raw input.
  2. Visual shortcuts evolved for speed, not perfect accuracy.
  3. Light, shadow, and perspective tricks exploit these mental shortcuts.
  4. Motion illusions come from conflicting depth or color cues.
  5. The brain fills gaps using memory and expectation.
  6. After-images result when photoreceptors remain over-stimulated.
  7. Context changes meaning—a gray square looks lighter or darker by surroundings.
  8. Optical illusions prove perception is constructed, not recorded.
  9. Artists and designers use them to control visual flow and focus.
  10. Every illusion is the brain revealing how it guesses at truth.