What Causes Kidney Stones (and How to Prevent Them)

Kidney stones form when minerals crystallize in concentrated urine.
Dehydration is the leading cause—less water means more crystal buildup.
Calcium, oxalate, and uric acid are the usual culprits.
A diet high in salt or processed foods raises stone risk.
Genetics and certain medications can also play a role.
Drinking plenty of water dilutes minerals and prevents clumping.
Citrus fruits help by lowering stone-forming acidity in urine.
Regular exercise keeps minerals circulating instead of collecting.
Most small stones pass naturally—but painfully.
Prevention is simple: hydrate, move, and balance your diet.